Transforming a transcription factor

Transforming a transcription factor

A transcription factor that regulates skeleton formation in sea urchin embryos has evolved a new domain that is essential for this process.

metabolic syndrome and mitochondrial transcription factor a

IRF8 Is a Critical Transcription Factor for Transforming Microglia into a Reactive Phenotype

Microglia become activated by multiple types of damage in the nervous system and play essential roles in neuronal pathologies. However, how microglia transform into reactive phenotypes is poorly understood. Here, we identify the transcription factor interferon regulatory factor 8 (IRF8) as a critical regulator of reactive microglia. Within the spinal cord, IRF8 expression was normally low; howe...

Transforming Growth Factor 1 Stimulates Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Gene Transcription in Human Cholangiocellular Carcinoma Cells

The expression pattern and functional interaction of proangiogenic factors in human cholangiocellular carcinoma (CCC) have not been fully defined. We therefore investigated the expression of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and transforming growth factor (TGF)1 as well as their respective receptors in human CCC tumor samples and further analyzed their functional interaction in vitro. E...

Transforming growth factor β suppresses osteoblast differentiation via the vimentin activating transcription factor 4 (ATF4) axis.

ATF4 is an osteoblast-enriched transcription factor of the leucine zipper family. We recently identified that vimentin, a leucine zipper-containing intermediate filament protein, suppresses ATF4-dependent osteocalcin (Ocn) transcription and osteoblast differentiation. Here we show that TGFβ inhibits ATF4-dependent activation of Ocn by up-regulation of vimentin expression. Osteoblasts lacking At...